Supplementary Material

Fig. S1. Selected sardines’ size distribution regarding latitude.

Fig. S2. Relationship between malondialdehyde level and PUFA concentration in sardine muscle.

Fig. S3. Representation of the relationships between sardine size class and malondialdehyde z-scores within each survey.

Table S1. Results of the model quantifying the effect of PUFA concentration on MDA level in sardines’ muscle.

Table S2. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (PCC) between malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels within each survey.

Table S3a. Sample distribution of protein carbonyl data across size class and survey.

Table S3b. Sample distribution of malondialdehyde data across size class and survey.

Table S4a. Sample distribution of protein carbonyl data across size class and maturity stage.

Table S4b. Sample distribution of malondialdehyde data across size class and maturity stage.

Table S5a. Linear mixed models on malondialdehyde z-scores and associated degrees of freedom (d.f.), estimates, and standard errors (s.e.). This model is weighted using delta. The intercept is set to size class = small, maturity stage = immature, and survey = EVHOE 2020.

Table S5b. Linear mixed models on malondialdehyde z-scores and associated degrees of freedom (d.f.), estimates, and standard errors (s.e.). This additional model is not weighted using delta.

Table S5c. Linear mixed models on malondialdehyde z-scores and associated degrees of freedom (d.f.), estimates, and standard errors (s.e.). This additional model is fitted using sardines’ total body length instead of size class and is not weighted using delta.

Table S6a. Linear mixed models on protein carbonyl z-scores and associated degrees of freedom (d.f.), estimates, and standard errors (s.e.). This additional model is not weighted using delta.

Table S6b. Linear mixed models on protein carbonyl z-scores and associated degrees of freedom (d.f.), estimates, and standard errors (s.e.). This additional model is fitted using sardines’ total body length instead of size class and is not weighted using delta.

© R. Huard et al., Published by EDP Sciences, 2026