Can Azolla filiculoides be a complementary feed resource for ecological intensification in small-scale fish farming? Biological effects on giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy)

Open Access

Table 4

Proximate composition of the muscle of giant gourami fed with experimental feeding regimes using four levels of fresh Azolla in replacement of commercial pellets (100%, 56%, 26% and 0%) Azolla for treatments A, B, C and D; respectively. after six weeks. Results are expressed on a wet weight basis. Data are the means ± SD (n = 3) per treatment and different letters indicate significant differences between treatments.

Parameter	A 100% Azolla	B 56% Azolla	C 26% Azolla	D 0% Azolla
Water (%)	73.2 ± 0.45^a	70.7 ± 0.67^a	69.1 ± 1.72^a	68.4 ± 0.68^a
Crude protein (%)	18.0 ± 0.48^a	18.1 ± 0.65^a	18.9 ± 1.09^a	18.3 ± 0.39^a
Crude lipid (%)	2.5 ± 0.25^a	5.3 ± 0.36^b	5.3 ± 0.34^b	5.3 ± 0.53^b
Ash (%)	4.7 ± 0.22^a	4.2 ± 0.30^a	4.5 ± 0.48^a	4.4 ± 0.33^a
NFE¹ (%)	1.4 ± 0.06^a	1.5 ± 0.28^a	2.0 ± 0.61^a	3.3 ± 0.07^b

¹ NFE = Nitrogen-free extract, ² NS = non-significant.

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