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Table 3
Medicinal plants and phytochemicals compounds tested in therapeutic baths for different fish species with anti-monopisthocotylans activity.
| Plants or bioactive compounds | Majority component | Host fish species | Concentration | Efficacy-Exposure | Species of parasite | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copaifera duckei oleoresin | β- bisabolene (30.9%) and trans-α- ergamotene (21.9%) | Piaractus mesopotamicus | 50 mg/L | 45.0% - 20 min for 7 days | Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Costa et al. (2017) | |
| Copaifera reticulata oleoresin | γ-macrocarpene 14.2%), α-bergamotene (13.6%), β-selinene (13.4%) and β-caryophyllene (11.7%) | Colossoma macropomum | 100 mg/L | 48.5% - 1 h for 3 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Malheiros et al. (2022) | |
| Carapa guianensis fixed oil | Oleic acid (53.4%) and palmitic acid (28.7%) | Colossoma macropomum | 500 mg/L | 91.4% - 1 h for 5 days | spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Malheiros et al. (2023) | |
| Allium sativum oil | − | Arapaimas gigas | 5.0 mg/L | 42.5% - 96 h | Dawestrema cycloancistrium | Oliveira-Lima et al. (2025) | |
| Mentha x villosa hydrolate | − | Colossoma macropomum | 20 mg/L | 84.5% - 1 h | − | Jatobá et al. (2023) | |
| Mentha x villosa hydrolate | − | Oreochromis aureus | 20 mg/L | 79.0% - 1 h | − | Jatobá et al. (2023) | |
| Mentha x villosa hydrolate | − | Oreochromis mossambicus | 20 mg/L | 85.5% - 1 h | − | Jatobá et al. (2023) | |
| Mentha x villosa hydrolate | − | Oreochromis hornorum | 20 mg/L | 73.5% - 1 h | − | Jatobá et al. (2023) | |
| Cortex meliae extract | − | Carassius auratus | 155.6 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2017) | |
| Radix zanthoxyli extract | − | Carassius auratus | 214.5 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2017) | |
| Semen aesculi extract | − | Carassius auratus | 68.0 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2017) | |
| Macleaya cordata extract | − | Carassius auratus | 8.6 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2017) | |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor and camphene | Cyprinus carpio | 0.8 g/L | 77.7% - 30 min | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) | |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor and camphene | Cyprinus carpio | 50 g/L | 97.4% - 30 min | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) | |
| Bixa orellana seed extract | Bixin (49%) | Colossoma macropomum | 250 μg/mL | 100% −2 h for 2 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus | Andrade et al. (2016) | |
| Evodia rutaecarpa extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Cnidium monnieri extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Sophora flavescens extract | − | Carassius auratus | 300 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Areca catechu extract | − | Carassius auratus | 150 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Citrus reticulate extract | − | Carassius auratus | 400 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Mentha haplocalyx extract | − | Carassius auratus | 400 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Punica granatum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 600 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Agrimonia pilosa extract | − | Carassius auratus | 600 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Omphalia lapidescens extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Quisqualis indica extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 94.7% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Dryopteris crassirhizoma extract | − | Carassius auratus | 200 mg/L | 89.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Pharbitis nil extract | − | Carassius auratus | 200 mg/L | 54.4% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Stemona sessilifolia extract | − | Carassius auratus | 700 mg/L | 43.4% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Lian et al. (2020) | |
| Curcuma zedoaria extract | − | Carassius auratus | 30 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Peucedanum praeruptorum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 30 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Spatholobus suberectus extract | − | Carassius auratus | 35 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Homalomena oculta extract | − | Carassius auratus | 50 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Paris polyphylla extract | − | Carassius auratus | 60 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Paris polyphylla extract | Dioscin, gracillin and Polyphyllin I, II, VI and VII | Carassius auratus | 30 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Alisma plantago extract | − | Carassius auratus | 70 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Cinnamomum cassia extract | − | Carassius auratus | 80 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Cinnamomum cassia extract | − | Carassius auratus | 200 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Bletilla striata extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 96.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Vladimiria souliei extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 95.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Cynanchum glaucescens extract | − | Carassius auratus | 80 mg/L | 90.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | |
| Capsicum annuum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 200 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Lindera aggregata extract | − | Carassius auratus | 300 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Pinus massoniana extract | − | Carassius auratus | 400 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Rumex japonicus extract | − | Carassius auratus | 400 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Daucus carota extract | − | Carassius auratus | 600 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Picrasma quassioides extract | − | Carassius auratus | 600 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Rheum franzenbachii extract | − | Carassius auratus | 700 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Pseudolarix amabilis extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Melia toosendan extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Dryopteris crassirhizoma extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Artemisia annua extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Torreya grandis extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Hydnocarpus antihelmintica extract | − | Carassius auratus | 600 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Dioscorea collettii extract | − | Carassius auratus | 15 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Dioscorea nipponica extract | − | Carassius auratus | 35 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Dioscorea spongiosa extract | − | Carassius auratus | 250 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Dioscorea bulbifera extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Dioscorea zingiberensis extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Dioscorea zingiberensis extract | Carassius auratus | 250 mg/L | 95.6% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | ||
| Solanum nigrum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Cynanchum otophyllum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Cynanchum bungei extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Cynanchum stauntonii extract | − | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Cynanchum stauntonii extract | Carassius auratus | 250 mg/L | 90.2% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | ||
| Tupistra chinensis extract | − | Carassius auratus | 800 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Smilax china extract | − | Carassius auratus | 900 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Solanum americanum extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 98.1% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Reineckea carnea extract | − | Carassius auratus | 1000 mg/L | 97.8% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Smilax glabra extract | − | Carassius auratus | 250 mg/L | 92.4% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Angelica dahurica extract | Isoimperatorin | Carassius auratus | 2.0-5.0 mg/L | 94.4% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Piper aduncum extract | − | Colossoma macropomum | 60 mg/L | 99.21% - 12 h for 2 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Queiroz et al. (2022) | |
| Spatholobi caulis extract | Ononin | Carassius auratus | 150 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Dactylogyrus intermedius | Yang et al. (2022) | |
| Azadirachta indica extract | Meliantriol (20.8%), nimbidinin (20.7%), azadiradione (20.4%) and quercetin (20.0%) | Oreochromis niloticus | 3 g/L | 92.4% - 7 days | Dactylogyrus sp. | Radwan et al. (2024) | |
| Allium cepa extract | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and resin | Oreochromis niloticus | 0.07 g/L | 90.5% - 72 h | Dactylogyrus spp. | Reda et al. (2024) | |
| Allium sativum extract | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and resin | Oreochromis niloticus | 0.08 g/L | 100% - 72 h | Dactylogyrus spp. | Reda et al. (2024) | |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia extract | Phenolic compounds (59.4%) and lipids (21.9%) | Piaractus brachypomus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 20 min for 3 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus | Cornejo-Rigaud et al. (2025) | |
| Jatropha curcas extract | Phenolic compounds (66.6%) and lipids (29.25) | Piaractus brachypomus | 100 mg/L | 100% - 20 min for 3 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus | Cornejo-Rigaud et al. (2025) | |
| Lippia grata essential oil | Carvacrol (48.12%) and pcymene (24.39%) | Colossoma macropomum | 700 mg/L | 95.1% - 30 min for 3 days | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Barriga et al. (2021) | |
| Ocimum gratissimum essential oil | Eugenol (42.3%) and 1,8-cineole (20.4%) | Oreochromis niloticus | 320 mg/L | 87.7%- 5 min for 3 days | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae | Meneses et al. (2018) | |
| Mentha piperita essential oil | − | Oreochromis niloticus | 35 mg/L | 0% - 1h | − | Anjos and Isaac (2020) | |
| Mentha piperita essential oil | Menthol | Cyprinus carpio | 2.5 μL/mL | 28.3% - 5 min (single) | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) | |
| Citrus limon essential oil | Limonene | Cyprinus carpio | 0.7 μL/mL | 30.9% - 5 min (single) | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) | |
| Melaleuca alternifólia essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 40 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil | Terpinen-4-ol | Cyprinus carpio | 0.3 μL/mL | 35.3%% - 2 min (single) | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) | |
| Cymbopogon citratus essential oil | Geranial (45.7%) and neral (33.9%) | Colossoma macropomum | 60 mg/L | 47.1% - 20 min for 3 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Gonzales et al. (2020) | |
| Cymbopogon martinii essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 10 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Alpinia zerumbet essential oil | Terpinen − 4-ol (27.7%) and eucalyptol (19.2%) | Colossoma macropomum | 300 mg/L | 94.0% - 30 min for 6 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Luz et al. (2021) | |
| Curcula longa essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 12 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Curcuma zedoaria essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 15 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Pogostemon cablin essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 10 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Ruta graveolens essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 25 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Melia azedarace essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 40 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Cinnamomum cassia essential oil | − | Carassius auratus | 14 mg/L | 95.0% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | |
| Eucalyptus globulus essential oil | Carassius auratus | 100 mg/L | 90.1% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) | ||
| Piper marginatum essential oil | 3,4-methylenedioxy-propiophenone (20.8%) | Colossoma macropomum | 100 mg/L | 42.8% - 20 min for 6 days | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2024a) | |
| Piper hispidum essential oil | γ- terpinene (30.9%) and α- terpinene (14.0%) | Colossoma macropomum | 100 mg/L | 78.6% - 1 h for 3 days | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2024b) | |
| Piper callosum essential oil | Safrole (53.8%) and α- pinene (12.2%) | Colossoma macropomum | 100 mg/L | 83.6% - 20 min for 6 days | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2025) | |
| Arctigenin | − | Carassius auratus | 6 mg/L | 100% - 3 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Tu et al. (2018) | |
| Curdone | Carassius auratus | 3 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) | ||
| Dioscin | − | Carassius auratus | 0.5 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Dioscin | − | Carassius auratus | 0.6 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) | |
| Gracillin | − | Carassius auratus | 0.2 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Polyphyllin I | − | Carassius auratus | 0.2 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Polyphyllin II | − | Carassius auratus | 0.2 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Polyphyllin VI | − | Carassius auratus | 1.9 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Polyphyllin VII | − | Carassius auratus | 2.7 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2020) | |
| Plumbagin | − | Carassius auratus | 4.0 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Thymoquinone | − | Carassius auratus | 0.75 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Psoralen | − | Carassius auratus | 4 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Osthole | − | Carassius auratus | 4 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Quercetin | − | Carassius auratus | 16 mg/L | 91.7% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Betulin | − | Carassius auratus | 8 mg/L | 81.5% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Berberine | − | Carassius auratus | 16 mg/L | 80.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashi | Tu et al. (2021) | |
| Isoimperatorin | − | Carassius auratus | 1 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Ononin | − | Carassius auratus | 1 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Dactylogyrus intermedius | Yang et al. (2022) | |
| Thymoquinone | − | Carassius auratus | 3 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Tu et al. (2025) |
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