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Review
Table 2
Medicinal plants and phytochemicals compounds in vitro screened with potential anti-monopisthocotylans and polyopisthocotylans in fish species.
| Plants or bioactive compounds | Majority components | Concentrations | Efficacy-Exposure | Species of parasite | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pterodon emarginatus essential oil nanoemulsion | β-elemene, b-caryophyllene and a-humulene | 400 and 600 mg/L | 100% - 15 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Valentim et al. (2018a) |
| Copaifera officinalis oleoesin nanoemulsion | β-caryophyllene | 200 and 300 mg/L | 100% - 15 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Valentim et al. (2018b) |
| Copaifera duckei oleoresin | β- bisabolene (30.9%) and trans-α- ergamotene (21.9%) | 100 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Costa et al. (2017) |
| Copaifera reticulata oleoresin | γ-macrocarpene 14.2%), α-bergamotene (13.6%), β -selinene (13.4%) and β -caryophyllene (11.7%) | 1000 mg/L | 97.0% - 15 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Malheiros et al. (2020) |
| Ficus insipida latex | − | 1000 μL/L | 100% - 2 h | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Gonzales et al. (2019) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, Camphor and camphene) | 150 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor and camphene) | 4 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole | 20 g/100 mL | 100% - 7-53 min | Neobenedenia girellae | Ingelbrecht et al. (2020) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis extract | 1,8-cineole | 20 g/100 mL | 100% - 42 min | Zeuxapta seriolae | Ingelbrecht et al. (2020) |
| Bixa orellana extract | Bixin (49.0%) | 500 μg/mL | 90.0% - 4 h | Anacanthorus spathulatus | Andrade et al. (2016) |
| Piper aduncum extract | 412.7 μg/mL | 200 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Queiroz et al. (2022) |
| Astragalus membranaceus extract | − | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Dryopteris setosa extract | − | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract | − | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza extract | − | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Zingiber officinale extract | − | 250 mg/L/mL | 100% - 5 min | Dactylogyrus sp. | Van et al. (2021) |
| Punica granatum extract | − | 500 mg/L/mL | 100% - 3 min | Dactylogyrus sp. | Van et al. (2021) |
| Punica granatum extract | − | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Carica papaya seed extract | Capric acid (71.2%), oleic acid (71.2%), tetradecanoic acid (61.3%) and linoleic acid, methyl ester (63.4%) | 2 mL/L | 100% - 1 h | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae | Radwan et al. (2023) |
| Vernonia amygdalina extract | − | 40 mg/L | 46.5% −3.9 h | Diplozoon spp., and capsalids, Dactylogyrus spp. and Gyrodactylus spp. | Jetithor et al. (2025) |
| Pseudolarix amabilis extract | (+)-catechin | 100 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Dactylogyrus intermedius | Ji et al. (2025) |
| Allium cepa extract | − | 10 mg/mL | 100% - 6 min | Gyrodactylus elegans | Yildiz and Bekcan (2020) |
| Allium cepa extract | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and resin | 0.5 g/mL | 100% - 25 min | Dactylogyrus spp. | Reda et al. (2024) |
| Allium sativum extract | Allicin | 1 g/100 mL | 100% - 3 min | Neobenedenia girellae | Ingelbrecht et al. (2020) |
| Allium sativum extract | Allicin | 1 g/100 mL | 100% - 40 min | Zeuxapta seriolae | Ingelbrecht et al. (2020) |
| Allium sativum extract | − | 10 mg/mL | 100% - 6 min | Gyrodactylus elegans | Yildiz and Bekcan (2020) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia extract | Phenolic compounds (59.4%) and lipids (21.9%) | 2000 mg/L | 100% - 45 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus | Cornejo-Rigaud et al. (2025) |
| Jatropha curcas extract | Phenolic compounds (66.6%) and lipids (29.25) | 1500- 2000 mg/L | 100% - 10 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus | Cornejo-Rigaud et al. (2025) |
| Allium sativum extract | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and resin | 0.5 g/mL | 100% - 5 min | Dactylogyrus spp. | Reda et al. (2024) |
| Ocimum gratissimum essential oil | Eugenol (42.3%) and 1,8-cineole (20.4%) | 320 mg/L | 100% - 2 h | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae | Meneses et al. (2018) |
| Ocimum gratissimum essential oil | Eugenol (95.0%) | 10 mg/L | 50.0% - 1 h | Gyrodactylus sp. | Bandeira Jr et al. (2017) |
| Hesperozygis ringens essential oil | Pulegone (97.0%) | 10 mg/L | 40.0% -1 h | Gyrodactylus sp. | Bandeira Jr et al. (2017) |
| Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil | Terpinen-4-ol (39.8%) and γ-terpinene (14.6%) | 400 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Costa et al. (2017) |
| Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil | terpinen-4-ol | 1µL/mL | 100% - 2 min | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) |
| Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil | Oleic acid (13.95), α-terpinene (11.30%), γ-terpinene (10.76%), terpinen-4-ol (9.09%),1,8-cineole (8.95%) and p-cymene (8.11%) | 40 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Dactylogyrus spp. | Rahman et al. (2024) |
| Mentha piperita essential oil | Menthol (35.2%) menthone and (21.4%) | 400 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Costa et al. (2017) |
| Mentha piperita essential oil | Menthol (30.5%), menthyl acetate (14.5%), pulegone (14.2%) and menthone (12.9%). | 700 mg/L | 100% - 9 min | Neobenedenia melleni | Silva et al. (2024) |
| Mentha piperita essential oil | Menthol | 1 µL/mL | 100% - 15 min | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) |
| Lippia alba essential oil | Carvone (58.2%) | 100 mg/L | 100% - 3 h and 12 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Lippia alba essential oil | Carvone (61.7% | 550 mg/L | 100% - 1 h | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Tavares-Dias et al. (2021a) |
| Lippia origanoides essential oil | Carvacrol (49.7%) and p-Cymeno (13.3%) | 320 mg/L | 100% - 20 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Soares et al. (2017a) |
| Lippia origanoides essential oil | p-cymene (37.0%) | 60 mg/L | 100% - 9 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Lippia origanoides essential oil | Carvacrol (49.7%) and γ-terpinene (11.6%) | 700 mg/L | 100% - 1 min | Neobenedenia melleni | Silva et al. (2024) |
| Lippia sidoides essential oil | Thymol (64.5%) | 320 mg/L | 100% - 10 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri | Soares et al. (2017b) |
| Lippia sidoides essential oil | Thymol (75.4%) | 700 mg/L | 100% - 4 min | Neobenedenia melleni | Silva et al. (2024) |
| Lippia sidoides essential oil | Thymol (72.2%) | 40 mg/L | 100% - 8 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Lippia alba + Lippia origanoides essential oil | − | 60 mg/L | 100% -12 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Lippia alba + Lippia sidoides essential oil | − | 60 mg/L | 100% - 20 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Lippia origanoides + Lippia sidoides essential oil | − | 80 mg/L | 100% -8 min | Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus | Brasil et al. (2019) |
| Cymbopogon citratus essential oil | Geranial (45.7%) and neral (33.9%) | 500 mg/mL | 100% - 4 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Gonzales et al. (2020) |
| Cymbopogon martinii essential oil | − | 24 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Cymbopogon nardus essential oil | 13.7 mg/L | 100% - 30 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Luz et al. (2025) | |
| Minthostachys mollis essential oil | Pulegone (36.8%) and menthone (13.4%) | 800 mg/L | 100% - 5 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Gonzales et al. (2022) |
| Origanum vulgare essential oil | Sabinene (25.7%, γ-Terpinene (11.5%) and L-4-terpineo (11.4%) | 1000 mg/L | 100% - 8 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Gonzales et al. (2022) |
| Salvia rosmarinus essential oil | α-pinene (25.5%) and eucalyptol (24.2%) | 1500 mg/L | 100% - 8 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum | Gonzales et al. (2022) |
| Alpinia zerumbet essential oil | Terpinen − 4-ol (27.7%) and eucalyptol (19.2%) | 600 mg/L | 100% - 3h | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Luz et al. (2021) |
| Piper callosum essential oil | Safrole (53.8%) and α- pinene (12.2%) | 600 mg/L | 100% - 5 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2021) |
| Piper hispidum essential oil | g- terpinene (30.9%) and α- terpinene (14.0%) | 600 mg/L | 100% - 20 min | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2021) |
| Piper marginatum essential oil | 3,4- methylenedioxy- propiophenone (20.8%) | 200 mg/L | 100% - 1 h | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Alves et al. (2021) |
| Lippia grata essential oil | Carvacrol (48.12%) and p-cymene (24.4%) | 700 mg/L | 100% - 30 min | Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni | Barriga et al. (2020) |
| Curcuma longa essential oil | − | 30 mg/L | 91.5% - 8 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Curcuma longa essential oil | α-phellandrene (10.2%) and 1,8-cineole (7.0%) | 13.7 mg/L | 100% - 30 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Luz et al. (2025) |
| Zingiber officinale essential oil | Limonene (8.0%), Geranial (7.1%) and camphene (4.6%) | 30.9 mg/L | 100% - 2 h and 15 min | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis | Luz et al. (2025) |
| Citrus limon essential oil | Limonene | 1µL/mL | 100% - 10 min | Dactylogyrus sp. | Yilmaz and Yildiz (2023) |
| 1,8-cineole | − | 1 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| α-pinene | − | 90 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| β- pinene | − | 90 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| Camphor | − | 180 g/L | 100% - 1 h | Dactylogyrus minutus | Zoral et al. (2017) |
| Arctigenin | − | 8 mg/L | 100% - 33 min | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Tu et al. (2018) |
| Timor C | − | 100 mg/L | 100% - 1h | Gyrodactylus turnbulii | Zorin et al. (2019) |
| α-terpinene | − | 55.4 mg/L | 60.0% - 5 h | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, Cichlidogyrus dossoui, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus and Scutogyrus longicornis | Morales-Serna et al. (2019) |
| (+)-limonene oxide | − | 55.4 mg/L | 90.0% - 5 h | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, Cichlidogyrus dossoui, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus and Scutogyrus longicornis | Morales-Serna et al. (2019) |
| Curdione | − | 12.0 mg/L | 87.0% - 48 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| 10-gingerol | − | 1000 mg/L | 53.3% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | − | 1000 mg/L | 60.0% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| Plumbagin | − | 2 mg/L | 100% - 45 min | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Tu et al. (2021) |
| Emodin | − | 1000 mg/L | 20.0% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Kuwanon-G | − | 125 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Kuwanon-O | − | 125 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Sophoraflavanone-G | − | 125 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Cynatratoside-C | − | 125 mg/L | 100% - 8 h | Neobenedenia girellae | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Ononin | − | 0.5 mg/L | 100% - 48 h | Dactylogyrus intermedius | Yang et al. (2022) |
| Dioscin | − | 0.6 mg/L | 100% - 24 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Zhou et al. (2021) |
| (+)-catechin | − | 20 mg/L | 98.2% - 48 h | Dactylogyrus intermedius | Ji et al. (2025) |
| Azadirachtin | − | 25 mg/L | 100% - 4 h | Dactylogyrus sp. | Sharma et al. (2025) |
| Isoimperatorin | − | 1.0-2.0 mg/L | 100% - 2 h | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | Liu et al. (2022) |
| Cedrol | − | 0.2 mM | 100% - 1 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| (+) - trans-chrysanthemic acid | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| Coumarin | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| Eucalyptol | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| Garlicin 80% | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| Pyrethrins 50% | − | 1 mM | 100% - 24 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
| 1R - Camphor | − | 2 mM | 100% - 1 h | Sparicotyle chrysophrii | Mladineo et al. (2021) |
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