Open Access
Review
Table 1
Median effective concentration (EC50) of majority components in essential oils and herbal extracts on parasites of fish.
| Essential oils | Parasite species | EC50 |
|---|---|---|
| Mentha piperita | Piscinoodinium pillulare | 79.5 mg/L (4 h) |
| Mentha piperita | Dawestrema cycloancistrium | 38.0 mg/L (4 h) |
| Mentha piperita | Piscinoodinium pillulare | 79.5 mg/L (4 h) |
| Hyptis mutabilis | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 20.0 mg/L (48 h) |
| Ocimum gratissimum | Gyrodactylus sp. | 37.8 mg/L (5 h) |
| Lippia sidoides | Cichlidogyrus tilapiae | 40.0 mg/L (24 h) |
| Piper aduncum | Dawestrema cycloancistrium | 80.0 mg/L (24 h) |
| Piper hispidinervum | Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae | 0.5 mg/L (24 h) |
| Piper hispidum | Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae | 1.7 mg/L (24 h) |
| Piper marginatum | Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae | 0.7 mg/L (24 h) |
| Piper callosum | Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae | 2.2 mg/L (24 h) |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 59.7 mg/L (48 h) |
| Mentha piperita | Dactylogyrus sp. | 2.5 μL/mL (5 min) |
| Citrus limon | Dactylogyrus sp. | 0.7 μL/mL (5 min) |
| Melaleuca alternifolia | Dactylogyrus sp. | 0.3 μL/mL (2 min) |
| Dioscorea zingiberensis | Dactylogyrus spp. | 3.4 mg/L (48 h) |
| Ginkgo biloba | Dactylogyrus spp. | 3.5 mg/L (48 h) |
| Origanum compactum | Anisakis simplex | 0.34 mg/L (48 h) |
| Cymbopogon citratus | Argulus sp. | 67.9 μg/L (24 h) |
| Cymbopogon citratus | Dolops discoidalis | 59.5 μg/L (24 h) |
| Illicium verum | Lernaea cyprinacea | 25.0 μg/mL (1 h) |
| Melaleuca alternifolia | Anisakis simplex | 4.3 μg/L (48 h) |
| Satureja montana subsp.1 | Anisakis simplex | 151.7 mg/L (48 h) |
| Satureja montana subsp.2 | Anisakis simplex | 106.3 mg/L (48 h) |
| Herbal extracts | Parasite species | EC50 |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 0.5 mg/L (48 h) |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 6.3 mg/L (48 h) |
| Euphorbia fischeriana | Dactylogyrus vastator | 13.6 mg/L (48 h) |
| Piper aduncum | Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensi and Mymarothecium boegeri | 79.0 mg L (24 h) |
| Pseudolarix amabilis | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 4.3 mg/L (48 h) |
| Caesalpinia sappan | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 15.6 mg/L (48 h) |
| Lysima chiachristinae | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 17.2 mg/L (48 h) |
| Cuscuta chinensis | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 8.5 mg/L (48 h) |
| Artemisia argyi | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 70.2 mg/L (48 h) |
| Eupatorium fortunei | Dactylogyrus intermedius | 84.9 mg/L (48 h) |
| Zingiber officinale | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 3.7 mg/L (4 h) |
| Psoralea corylifolia | Tetrahymena piriformis | 1.92 mg/L (24 h) |
| Zingiber officinale | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 5.5 mg/L (4 h) |
| Punica granatum | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 1.4 g/L (96 h) |
| Zingiber officinale | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 5.7mg/L (4 h) |
| Thymus vulgaris | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 40.0 mg/L (4 h) |
| Lavandula angustifolia | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 40.0 mg/L (4 h) |
| Cynanchum atratum | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 8.4 mg/L 4 h) |
| Zingiber officinale, | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 2.5 mg/L 4 h) |
| Cynanchum paniculatum | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis | 6.4 mg/L 4 h) |
| Allium cepa | Dactylogyrus spp. | 3.4 g/L (96 h) |
| Allium sativum | Dactylogyrus spp. | 0.4 g/L (96 h) |
| Allium cepa | Gyrodactylus elegans | 4.7 g/L (3 min) |
| Allium sativum | Gyrodactylus elegans | 8.4 g/L (3 min) |
| Evodia rutaecarpa | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | 24.0 mg/L (4 h) |
| Sophora flavescens | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | 224.4 mg/L (4 h) |
| Cnidium monnieri | Gyrodactylus kobayashii | 11.1 mg/L (4 h) |
| Madhuca latifolia | Argulus foliaceus | 16.4 mg/L (36 h) |
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