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Table 2
Jellyfish processing and exporting in southern Asia.
| Jellyfish family | Jellyfish species | Harvesting country | Targeted body part/s of jellyfish | Processing | Exports | Market/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catostylidae | Catostylus perezi (Banana type) | Bahrain (Mohammed 2008, as cited in Brotz 2016a; Erftemeiger and Langenberg 2010 [sp. not mentioned]; RECOFI Fisheries Reports 2010 [as a Rhizostomid sp.]; FAO 2011 [sp. not mentioned]; TradeArabia 2011 [sp. not mentioned]; López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013 [sp. not mentioned]; Globefish 2023 [sp. not mentioned]; present study) | Oral arms (present study) | Processed into dried jellyfish (TradeArabia 2011) | Bahrain exported 1,260 tonnes of processed jellyfish in 2007 (Mohammed 2008, as cited in Brotz 2016a) and 7,000 tonnes [this datum is doubtful] to China in 2012 (López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013); in 2020, Bahrain earned 2,040,210 US dollars by exporting hundreds of tonnes of processed jellyfish (Globefish 2023) | Asia (Erftemeiger and Langenberg 2010; RECOFI Fisheries Reports 2010) particularly South Korea (FAO 2011), China (FAO 2011; López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013; present study), and Malaysia (present study) |
| India (Behera et al., 2022; Kumawat et al., 2023 [also as ‘Banana-jhar’]) | Primarily oral arms, but if there is a demand, bells are also collected (Kumawat et al., 2023) | Oral appendages are processed into a semi-dried product, with alum/salt mixture in a stepwise, but no processing is done for bells (Kumawat et al., 2023) | This species was exported from Mundra and Pipavav ports of Gujarat to China with an initial 200 tonnes in 2005 and was valued at an export price of 106–111 INR (1.54 to 1.62 US dollars) kilogram−1 during 2017–20 depending on the destination country (Kumawat et al., 2023) | The majority (65 %) of processed jellyfish was exported to China, and the rest to other Asian countries like Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan, and Indonesia (Kumawat et al., 2023) | ||
| Iran (López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013 [sp. not mentioned]; present study) | Oral arms (present study) | Salted (López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013) | Iran supplied 300 tonnes of processed jellyfish products to China in 2012 (López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013) | China (López-Martínez and Álvarez-Tello 2013) | ||
| Pakistan (Muhammed and Sultana 2008 [as C. mosaicus]; Tahera and Kazmi 2008 [as C. mosaicus]; Gul et al., 2015 [also as ‘Banana Jellyfish’]; Psomadakis et al., 2015) | Oral arms (Gul et al., 2015) | Jellyfish were processed into dried/salted (in brine) form (Tahera and Kazmi 2008) after being treated with salt and alum (Psomadakis et al., 2015) | In 2005, 27 tonnes were exported to Japan, worth approximately 8.2 million US dollars (Tahera and Kazmi 2008) | Southeast Asian countries (Muhammed and Sultana 2008), particularly Japan (Tahera and Kazmi 2008) and China (Psomadakis et al., 2015) | ||
| Crambionella annandalei (Sunflower type) | Bangladesh (Das et al., 2023 [also as ‘Surjomukhi Nuinna’ in Bengali]; present study) | Oral arms (Das et al., 2023) | Cleaned, and salt-cured at nearby landing stations for about a week before final packaging (Das et al., 2023) | About 0.35 tonnes of processed oral arms were exported in 2019 (present study) | China (Das et al., 2023) | |
| India (CMFRI 2007 [as ‘Munthakayalu’ in Telugu]; Naik et al., 2016 [as Crambionella sp., and as ‘Muntha Kaya / Neeti Kaya’ in Telugu]; Behera et al., 2018 [also as ‘Munthakaya’ in Telugu], 2019, 2020a, b [also as ‘Munthakaya / Neetikaya’ in Telugu]; Nitin and Ranipeta 2018 [sp. not mentioned]; Roul et al., 2021a, b; present study) | Usually oral arms are targeted (CMFRI 2007; Behera et al., 2018, 2019, 2020a; present study), but fishers bring the whole medusa to shore when the catches are poor (Behera et al., 2018; Roul et al., 2021a) | Production of salted, semi-dried oral arms follows a stepwise procedure (Behera et al., 2018, 2019, 2020a; Nitin and Ranipeta 2018) including cleaning, first soaking, second soaking, grading, and packing (Roul et al., 2021a, b) and processed jellyfish retaining 7 to 10 % of their original weight (Naik et al., 2016) | Exports mainly from the Chennai port (Nitin and Ranipeta 2018) at a price ranging 500–550 INR (6.88 to 7.57 US dollars) per kilogram (Roul et al., 2021a, b) | Southeast Asian countries (Nitin and Ranipeta 2018), particularly China (Naik et al., 2016; Behera et al., 2018, 2020a; Roul et al., 2021a, b), Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, and Indonesia (Naik et al., 2016) | ||
| Crambionella orsini (Ball type) | India (Chidambaram 1984 [as Rhizostoma sp., and as ‘Muttai Chorri’ in Tamil]; Kuthalingam et al., 1989 [as C. stulhmanni]; CMFRI 2009 [as C. stulhmanni, and as ‘Muttai Chorri’ in Tamil]; Mohan et al., 2011 [as C. stulhmanni, and as ‘Muttai Chorri’ in Tamil]; Kannappan et al., 2013 [sp. not clearly mentioned]; HFS 2014 [sp. not mentioned]; Saravanan et al., 2018 [as Crambionella sp.]; Chinnadurai et al., 2021; Riyas and Biju Kumar 2021; Sreeram et al., 2021; present study) | Bell (Chidambaram 1984; Kuthalingam et al., 1989; HFS 2014; Kannappan et al., 2013) and oral arms (Chidambaram 1984; CMFRI 2009; Mohan et al., 2011; Kannappan et al., 2013; Chinnadurai et al., 2021; Riyas and Biju Kumar 2021; Sreeram et al., 2021) | The processing at Pondicherry involved 7 stages for the umbrella and 6 stages for the oral arms using the Indonesian processing methods (Chidambaram 1984), while at Pulicat, it involved either 4 stages, 1) Cleaning; 2) Pressing; 3) Salting; 4) Packaging (Mohan et al., 2011), or 8 to 9 stages (Kannappan et al., 2013); in the southwest coast of India, the whole jellyfish is usually landed, oral arms are separated from the bell, and only the oral arms are exported after salt curing (Riyas and Biju Kumar 2021; Sreeram et al., 2021) | In 1984, 21 tonnes of processed jellyfish were reported to be exported from Pondicherry and South Arcot in Tamil Nadu (Chidambaram 1984); an average of 14 tonnes of jellyfish were reported to be produced per production year from 1984 to 1988 in Alambaraikuppam, south to Mahabalipuram (Kuthalingam et al., 1989); in 2009, the quantity of processed jellyfish in Pulicat [was mistakenly recorded as in Tripura] and was reported to be 52 tonnes (HFS 2014); 25 tonnes of processed jellyfish were exported from Tuticorin port in 2018–19 (present study; also see Sreeram et al., 2021: Tab. 2) | Southeast Asian countries (Saravanan et al., 2018; Riyas and Biju Kumar 2021), primarily export to Japan, Thailand (Kannappan et al., 2013; Chidambaram 1984), Hong Kong (Chidambaram 1984), Taiwan (Kannappan et al., 2013), China (Kannappan et al., 2013; Chinnadurai et al., 2021; Riyas and Biju Kumar 2021), and Singapore (Kuthalingam et al., 1989) | |
| Sri Lanka (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b [also as ‘Ball type’], 2025 [also as ‘Ball type’]; Karunarathne et al., 2024b [also as ‘Ball type’) | Bell and oral arms (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | The processing involves a five-step procedure, including cleaning, first curing, second curing, sorting, and packing (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | 22.5 tonnes of processed oral arms were exported in 2004, while during 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2017, the average export quantity and value per trade year were 614.11 ± 584.78 tonnes and 0.910 ± 0.904 million US dollars, respectively (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | India, Maldives, Taiwan, Thailand, China Vietnam (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | ||
| Lobonemidae | Lobonema smithii (White type) | India (Manickaraja and Balasubramanian 2006 [as ‘Aluvai Chori’]; Murugan and Durgekar 2008; Go4WorldBusiness 2009 [as White type]; present study) | Bell (Manickaraja and Balasubramanian 2006) | The processing involves a six-step procedure, including cleaning, curing, and packing (Manickaraja and Balasubramanian 2006) | 100 tonnes of processed jellyfish were ready to be exported from Chennai in 2009 (Go4WorldBusiness 2009; present study) | [no data] |
| Lobonemoides gracilis (White type) | Bangladesh (Das et al., 2023 [as Lobonemoides robustus]; present study) | Bell and oral arms (Das et al., 2023) | Cleaned, and salt-cured at nearby landing stations for about a week before final packaging (Das et al., 2023) | [no data] | China (Das et al., 2023) | |
| Sri Lanka (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b [also as ‘White type’], 2025 [also as ‘White type’]; Karunarathne et al., 2024b [also as ‘White type’]) | Bell and oral arms (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025; Karunarathne et al., 2024b) | The processing involves a five-step procedure, including cleaning, first curing, second curing, sorting, and packing (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | In 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2017, the average export quantity and value per trade year were 10.98 ± 2.08 tonnes and 0.016 ± 0.002 million US dollars, respectively (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan (Karunarathne and de Croos 2023b, 2025) | ||
| Rhizostomatidae | Rhopilema hispidum (Sand type) | India (Kumawat et al., 2023 [also as ‘Flower-jhar’]) | Separated oral arms, scapulets, and the fused portion of oral arms (Kumawat et al., 2023) | Oral appendages are processed into a semi-dried product, with an alum/salt mixture in a stepwise manner, but no processing of bells (Kumawat et al., 2023) | The processed (semi-dried) jellyfish were valued at an export price of 106–111 INR (1.54 to 1.62 US dollars) kilogram−1 during 2017–20 depending on the destination country (Kumawat et al., 2023) | 65 % of processed jellyfish were exported to China, and the rest to other Asian countries. like Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan, and Indonesia (Kumawat et al., 2023) |
| Pakistan (Muhammed and Sultana 2008 [as Rhizostoma pulmo]; Gul et al., 2015 [also as ‘Flower Jellyfish’]; Psomadakis et al., 2015 [as R. pulmo]) | Separated oral arms, scapulets, and the fused portion of the oral arms (Gul et al., 2015) | Oral appendages are treated with salt and alum (Psomadakis et al., 2015) | [no specific data] | Southeast Asian countries (Muhammed and Sultana 2008), particularly China (Psomadakis et al., 2015) | ||
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