Impact of periphyton on makhana (Euryale ferox Salisbury) cum fish culture: a study in North Bihar, India

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Table 4

Seasonal variation in the physico-chemical water parameters (mean ± SD).

Treatment	Season	Temp (°C)	pH	EC (μS cm⁻¹)	TDS (ppm)	DO (ppm)	CO (ppm)	NH (ppm)	AL (ppm)	TR (cm)
MF1	Winter	21.2 ± 3.86^a	8.32 ± 0.09^a	230.75 ± 54 ^a	115.62 ± 26.6^a	6.42 ± 1.70^a	2.02 ± 1.58^a	0.073 ± 0.02^b	69 ± 29.2^a	42.3 ± 8.33^c
	Summer	27.5 ± 0.70^b	7.7 ± 0.84^a	207.5 ± 24 ^a	104.5 ± 14^a	5.20 ± 0.31 ^a	2.92 ± 0.31^a	0.039 ± 0.02^ab	85.5 ± 0.7^a	24.75 ± 4.6^ab
	Monsoon	31 ± 1.82^b	8.03 ± 0.36^a	192.25 ± 23.2 ^a	92.25 ± 9.60^a	6.71 ± 1.5 ^a	10.55 ± 2.8^b	0.023 ± 0.01^a	107.5 ± 11.9 ^a	18 ± 2.16^a
	Post-monsoon	30.2 ± 3.88^b	8.35 ± 0.35^a	229.75 ± 1.76 ^a	107.25 ± 8.83^a	6.55 ± 2.19 ^a	3.25 ± 1.06^a	0.052 ± 0.03^ab	67.25 ± 14.9 ^a	32.2 ± 1.34^bc
MF2	Winter	21.2 ± 3.86^a	8.38 ± 0.10^a	240.75 ± 34.8 ^a	115.62 ± 26.6^a	6.42 ± 1.70 ^a	1.52 ± 1.06^a	0.073 ± 0.02^a	64.5 ± 17.9^a	42.8 ± 9^b
	Summer	27.5 ± 0.70^b	7.7 ± 0.84^a	202.5 ± 17.69 ^a	102 ± 11.31^a	5.2 ± 0.56 ^a	2.92 ± 0.31^a	0.039 ± 0.02^a	83 ± 4.2^ab	24.75 ± 4.6^a
	Monsoon	31.2 ± 1.5^b	8.05 ± 0.64^a	234 ± 37.88 ^a	117.25 ± 2^a	6 ± 1.50 ^a	1.22 ± 1.2^a	0.050 ± 0.01^a	87.75 ± 11.8^ab	31.3 ± 10^ab
	Post-monsoon	29.2 ± 2.47^b	8.42 ± 0.24^a	213 ± 25.45 ^a	99.5 ± 2.12^a	5.9 ± 1.27 ^a	1.75 ± 1.06^a	0.042 ± 0.17^a	100.4 ± 6.5^b	18.62 ± 5.1^a
MF3	Winter	21.1 ± 4^a	8.38 ± 0.10^a	230.75 ± 54 ^a	115.62 ± 27^a	6.17 ± 2.08 ^a	2.25 ± 1.18^a	0.073 ± 0.02^a	69 ± 29.2 ^a	42.3 ± 8.33^b
	Summer	27.5 ± 0.70^b	7.7 ± 0.84^a	202.5 ± 17.67 ^a	102 ± 11.31^a	5.2 ± 0.56 ^a	2.92 ± 0.31^a	0.039 ± 0.03^a	83 ± 4.2^a	24.75 ± 4.6^ab
	Monsoon	31.2 ± 1.5^b	8.05 ± 0.64^a	234 ± 37.88 ^a	117.25 ± 18^a	6 ± 1.5^a	1.9 ± 1.37^a	0.050 ± 0.02^a	87.75 ± 11.8^a	31.81 ± 9.84^a
	Post-monsoon	29.2 ± 2.47^b	8.42 ± 0.24^a	213 ± 25.45 ^a	99.5 ± 2.12^a	5.9 ± 1.27 ^a	2.25 ± 0.35^a	0.037 ± 0.01^a	75 ± 8.8^a	20.12 ± 7.24^a
MF4	Winter	21.2 ± 3.86^a	8.38 ± 0.10^a	231.25 ± 54.4^a	115.62 ± 26^a	6.45 ± 1.70 ^a	2.02 ± 1.5^a	0.072 ± 0.02^b	69 ± 29.2^a	42.3 ± 8.33^b
	Summer	27.5 ± 0.70^b	7.7 ± 0.84^a	202.5 ± 17.6 ^a	102 ± 11.31^a	5.2 ± 0.56 ^a	2.92 ± 0.31^a	0.039 ± 0.01^ab	83 ± 4.2^a	24.75 ± 4.6^a
	Monsoon	31 ± 1.82^b	8.03 ± 0.36^a	192 ± 22.8 ^a	92.25 ± 9.60^a	6.71 ± 1.52 ^a	2.55 ± 2.71^a	0.024 ± 0.01^a	97.25 ± 3^a	18 ± 2.16 ^a
	Post-monsoon	30.2 ± 3.88^b	8.35 ± 0.35^a	229.9 ± 1.6 ^a	107.25 ± 8.8^a	6.5 ± 2.12 ^a	3.25 ± 1.06^a	0.051 ± 0.01^ab	65.75 ± 16^a	25.18 ± 1.45 ^a
MF5	Winter	21.2 ± 3.86^a	7.85 ± 0.10^a	230.75 ± 54 ^a	115.62 ± 27^a	6.42 ± 1.70 ^a	2.025 ± 1.5^a	0.07 ± 0.01^b	69 ± 29.2^a	42.3 ± 8.33^c
	Summer	30.7 ± 1.70^b	8.03 ± 0.36^a	192 ± 22.8^a	92.25 ± 9.60^a	6.71 ± 1.5 ^a	2.55 ± 2.81^a	0.023 ± 0.01^a	96.85 ± 22 ^a	18 ± 2.16^ab
	Monsoon	30.7 ± 1.70^b	7.03 ± 0.36^a	192 ± 22.8^a	92.25 ± 10^a	6.72 ± 1.51 ^a	3.51 ± 2.8^a	0.023 ± 0.01^a	97.25 ± 28^a	18 ± 2.7^a
	Post-monsoon	30.2 ± 1.70^b	8.35 ± 0.36^a	229.75 ± 22.8^a	107.25 ± 9.60^a	6.5 ± 1.5 ^a	3.25 ± 3^a	0.057 ± 0.01^b	58.75 ± 2^a	33.2 ± 2.7^bc
MF6	Winter	23.5 ± 4.65^a	8.35 ± 0.09^a	246.5 ± 24.3 ^a	124 ± 10.8^a	6.67 ± 1.4 ^a	1.86 ± 1.3^a	0.064 ± 0.02^b	80.25 ± 22^a	38.92 ± 11.5^b
	Summer	29 ± 1.42^b	7.67 ± 0.82^a	192.5 ± 3.53 ^a	96 ± 2.82^a	5.8 ± 1.5 ^a	1.35 ± 6.57^a	0.027 ± 0.04^ab	92.5 ± 17^a	18.25 ± 4.6^a
	Monsoon	31.7 ± 1.8^b	8 ± 0.31^a	200.37 ± 29.4 ^a	95.87 ± 15^a	7.01 ± 1.6 ^a	2.55 ± 4.02^a	0.025 ± 0.01^a	89.95 ± 29^a	20.25 ± 2.70^a
	Post-monsoon	23.2 ± 6^b	8.52 ± 0.10^a	191.5 ± 55.8 ^a	88.7 ± 17.32^a	4.85 ± 0.35 ^a	3.15 ± 0.91^a	0.075 ± 0.02^ab	38.35 ± 3.7^a	42.87 ± 0.88^ab

Temp: Temperature, EC: Electric conductivity, TDS: Total Dissolve Solid, DO: Dissolved oxygen, CO: free Carbon dioxide, NH: Ammonia, AL: Alkalinity, TR: Transparency. Values are given as mean ± SD of six treatments of each fish species. Values share a common superscript (a, b, c, d, e) and differ significantly at p<0.05 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

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