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Table 1
Environmental requirements and tolerance ranges of C. zillii in its native range (some extreme conditions are reported only from experimental studies).
| Physical/ chemical parameter |
Tolerance range | Optimum range | Adverse effect in extreme conditions | References\ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 6.5–42.5 °C | 25–30 °C | In low temperatures (below 11 °C), feeding stops, vulnerability to disease increases, mortality occurs Minimum temperature for reproduction is 20 °C |
Philippart and Ruwet (1982); Gophen, (2016) |
| pH | 6–9 | – | Froese and Pauly (2022) | |
| Salinity | 0.16–45 ppt | – | Established in the Red Sea, and Lake Qarun of Egypt (salinity 36–45 ppt), but the fish is considered a freshwater fish since almost all of its native distributions are in freshwater, and no reproduction occurs in seawater | Philippart and Ruwet (1982); El-Sayed (2006) |
| Dissolved oxygen | 0.1–40 mg. L−1 | – | Most tilapias are known to tolerate very low DO level (as low as 0.1–0.5 mg. L−1) as well as high level of CO2 for varying period of time | Chervinski and Hering (1973); Philippart and Ruwet (1982); El-Sayed (2006) |
| Turbidity | – | – | Generally, tilapias are tolerant to high turbidity and resistant to water pollution by toxic substances | El-Sayed (2006) |
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